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	<title>News Archives - China Collaborative Group</title>
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	<item>
		<title>China’s outlook in 2023: what’s shaping business strategies</title>
		<link>https://www.theccgway.com/2023/01/04/chinas-outlook-in-2023-whats-shaping-business-strategies/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CCG]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2023 05:58:59 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Anti-Monopoly Law China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Common Prosperity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[digital transformation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[economy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Roberto Gilardino]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Unfair Competition Law]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.theccgway.com/?p=22595</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>As we entered the last days of 2022, China lifted COVID-19 restrictions and downgraded the virus – overnight on 26 December, 2022. Leaving businesses to grapple with the sudden shift,...</p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2023/01/04/chinas-outlook-in-2023-whats-shaping-business-strategies/">China’s outlook in 2023: what’s shaping business strategies</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>As we entered the last days of 2022, China lifted COVID-19 restrictions and downgraded the virus – overnight on 26 December, 2022. Leaving businesses to grapple with the sudden shift, long-term impacts, and return to pre-pandemic times. Forecasting China’s economic or its’ general outlook for 2023 seems futile, considering the unprecedented 2022. Specifically, many clients noted that they were continuously ripping out the business status quo to navigate through this year.</p>
<p>Nonetheless, recent legislation signifies that Common Prosperity and digital transformation shall continue to dominate forthcoming regulations in 2023 and beyond. For companies, it is crucial to keep abreast of new policies and changes, as provisions can significantly impact business operations and strategies.<br />
Common prosperity (共同富裕 gòngtóng fùyù)</p>
<p>‘Common Prosperity’ is not a 20th-century political term. Its literal translation is to get rich (富裕 fùyù) altogether (共同 gòngtóng) and first appeared in 1953 in People’s Daily newspaper. The term is attributed to the holding of resources for the common and reflects the fundamental collective society in China. Most recently, it resurfaced in President Xi Jinping’s inauguration speech as Party Secretary in 2017, and more predominantly in the Prospect Vision of the year 2035 in the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (October 2020). The principle refers to prosperity for all people. Namely, socioeconomic development and wealth shall not be obtained by select individuals or groups, rather it is collectively acquired and benefited by the people.</p>
<p>In practice, Common Prosperity underlines socioeconomic reforms to alleviate poverty in the poorer regions and reduce socioeconomic polarisation between the urban and rural areas.</p>
<h4>Common Prosperity in legislation</h4>
<p>Legislation fostering sustainable economic growth and high-quality development are key to achieving Common Prosperity. For example, the revised <a href="https://www.thesquare.blog/2022/09/01/china-elevates-competition-compliance/">Anti-Monopoly Law</a> effective from 1 August 2022 elevates legal liabilities to prevent larger companies from monopolising the market and eliminating smaller competitors. Equally, the revisions prioritise anti-trust policies to ensure sustained market development and fairer market practices.</p>
<p>More recently, the revised Unfair Competition Law, draft for comment (‘Revision’), issued on 22 November, strengthens legal protection for small and medium companies (‘SMEs’) in China. Specifically, Article 13 of the Revision targets companies with comparatively dominant positions and lists forbidden practices that disrupt fair trade and fair competition. Violating companies can face fines of up to 1 million RMB.</p>
<p>Moving into 2023, curbing monopolies, especially in the big tech companies and optimising a fairer market for SMEs shall continue. Common Prosperity promotion within the material, ecological and cultural in a context of high-quality development, as outlined by President Xi Jinping in the Central Committee for Financial and Economic Affairs (2021) will underline national and local policies.</p>
<h4>Digital transformation of SME</h4>
<p>SMEs are a driving force in China. Accounting for 50% of taxes, 60% of GDP and 70% of technology innovation, SMEs significantly contribute to economic growth. Industrial digital transformation for SMEs can be financially and practically challenging to implement. However, the digital transformation of SMEs is key to long-term development, reducing reliance on the external environment, and accelerating the overall digital economy.</p>
<p>The Circular of the General Office of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on Issuing the Guide to the Digital Transformation of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (‘Guide’), effective from 3 November 2022, calls local governments to advance digital development in SMEs. The Guide reflects Common Prosperity principles in fostering high-quality and sustained development for smaller companies. And provisions focus on lowering investment barriers for SMEs to upgrade software and integrate into a digital ecosystem.</p>
<p>Specific provisions promote the following:</p>
<ul>
<li>providing small, fast, lightweight, and precise products and solutions;</li>
<li>researching, developing, and promoting low-code products and services;</li>
<li>developing subscription-based software services;</li>
<li>helping SMEs to create, deploy, use, and adjust digital applications themselves, and</li>
<li>improving SMEs’ secondary development capability and demand response capability.</li>
</ul>
<p>Overall, digitalisation plays a vital role in China’s socioeconomic development. In 2023, we predict that local supportive policies should be issued by local governments to expedite internet applications for SMEs, upgrade company infrastructure, and make business operations more efficient and cost-effective. In addition, forthcoming cyber and data security regulations and rules are anticipated across sectors. Cyber security will become increasingly prevalent, as digitalisation accelerates in the business world.</p>
<h4>What it means for foreign investment in China</h4>
<p>For foreign companies, understanding Common Prosperity and its practical implications are essential.</p>
<p>Aligning business strategies with Chinese politics and policies determines a company’s success and profits significantly.</p>
<p>The days of leveraging cheap labour in China or a western brand story are long gone. Sustainable investments that fulfills Common Prosperity are here to stay.</p>
<p>Moving to 2023, China’s outlook may seem unpredictable, however, it is clear that foreign investment in China has moved into a new era.</p>
<p>Author: <a href="https://cn.linkedin.com/in/robertogilardino">Roberto Gilardino,</a> Managing Partner APAC, Horizons Corporate Advisory</p>
<p><em>This content appears as a courtesy of </em><a href="http://horizons-advisory.com/"><strong><em>Horizons Corporate Advisory</em></strong></a><em>, a proud member of the</em><a href="https://theccgway.com/"> <strong><em>China Collaborative Group (CCG Association)</em></strong></a><em>. It is informational in nature and does not constitute legal advice or establish an attorney-client relationship between you and its author, publisher or any member of CCG. For more information, please visit </em><a href="http://www.horizons-advisory.com"><strong><em>www.horizons-advisory.com</em></strong></a><em>. </em></p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2023/01/04/chinas-outlook-in-2023-whats-shaping-business-strategies/">China’s outlook in 2023: what’s shaping business strategies</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
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		<title>Revised draft company law in China: paving a significant chapter in corporate law</title>
		<link>https://www.theccgway.com/2022/10/13/revised-draft-company-law-in-china-paving-a-significant-chapter-in-corporate-law/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CCG]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 13 Oct 2022 09:28:48 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Company Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Directors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[duties]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Joint stock limited companies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[shareholders]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.theccgway.com/?p=15578</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>The Revised Draft of the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China (“Revised Draft”) marks a significant chapter for corporate law. Promulgated on 20 December 2021 by the Standing...</p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/10/13/revised-draft-company-law-in-china-paving-a-significant-chapter-in-corporate-law/">Revised draft company law in China: paving a significant chapter in corporate law</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Revised Draft of the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China (“Revised Draft”) marks a significant chapter for corporate law. Promulgated on 20 December 2021 by the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress, the Revised Draft amends 70 articles.</p>
<p>Enacted in 1993, the Company Law has been revised several times with the latest adoption in 2018. In the amendment, long standings provisions are changed to simultaneously increase protection for bona fide parties and further regulate unethical practices. Major alterations are outlined below.</p>
<h4>Share classes</h4>
<p>Joint stock limited companies are permitted to issue other types of shares. Other than ordinary shares, shareholders may issue preferred shares and deferred shares, shares with a different number of voting rights, and determine corresponding rights protection for such shareholders.</p>
<h4>Simplified procedures</h4>
<p>Provisions to simplify administrative procedures improve the facilitation of company operations. Specifically, capital reduction and simplified deregistration procedures under specific conditions are simplified.</p>
<h4>Registration Rules</h4>
<p>A company registration chapter is added to enhance the administration procedure. Such addition elevates the Administrative Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Registration of Market Entities (effective on March 1, 2022) to the rule of law. In the chapter, further clarification is provided on matters and procedures related to the company’s establishment registration, alteration registration, and cancellation registration, and the company registration authority is instructed to optimise the registration process and improve the efficiency and convenience of registration.<br />
Powers and duties of directors, supervisors, and senior management</p>
<p>The duties of loyalty and diligence of the directors, supervisors, and senior management are further stressed to protect stakeholder interests. Joint and respective liable are provisioned for those who cause damage to others in an intentional act or gross negligence whilst performing duties.</p>
<h4>Shareholders’ right to know</h4>
<p>Another addition is the right for shareholders to consult the register of shareholders and accounting vouchers. Shareholders can entrust agencies to access information, enable professionals of agencies to collate and analyze information and define reasonable decisions based on such insights.</p>
<p>The Revised Draft is envisioned to be adopted in 2023. For companies, the revisions advance the corporate legal framework in China and provide a greater legal basis for courts to handle disputes.</p>
<p>Furthermore, we foresee forthcoming corporate legislation supplementing the Revised Draft (once adopted) and arising from needs of social development, such as the latest series of laws, regulations, and standards related to information and data protection and security.</p>
<p><em>This content appears as a courtesy of </em><a href="http://horizons-advisory.com/"><strong><em>Horizons Corporate Advisory</em></strong></a><em>, a proud member of the</em><a href="https://theccgway.com/"> <strong><em>China Collaborative Group (CCG Association)</em></strong></a><em>. It is informational in nature and does not constitute legal advice or establish an attorney-client relationship between you and its author, publisher or any member of CCG. For more information, please visit </em><a href="http://www.horizons-advisory.com"><strong><em>www.horizons-advisory.com</em></strong></a><em>. </em></p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/10/13/revised-draft-company-law-in-china-paving-a-significant-chapter-in-corporate-law/">Revised draft company law in China: paving a significant chapter in corporate law</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
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		<title>Using and disclosing personal Information in China – do’s and don’ts</title>
		<link>https://www.theccgway.com/2022/09/16/using-and-disclosing-personal-information-in-china-dos-and-dont/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CCG]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 16 Sep 2022 05:15:04 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[consent]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Criminal Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Personal information]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.theccgway.com/?p=15567</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Unlawful usage and disclosure of personal information in China can result in administrative penalties and in serious cases, criminal offences. The Personal Information Protection Law (‘PIPL’), the Personal Information Security...</p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/09/16/using-and-disclosing-personal-information-in-china-dos-and-dont/">Using and disclosing personal Information in China – do’s and don’ts</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Unlawful usage and disclosure of personal information in China can result in administrative penalties and in serious cases, criminal offences. The Personal Information Protection Law (‘PIPL’), the Personal Information Security Specification (‘Specification’) and Guide to Security Protection of Personal Information Online (‘Guide’) adopted on 1 November 2021, 6 March 2020, and April 10, 2019, respectively, form the legal framework regulating personal information usage and disclosure in China. Under the Laws, companies collecting data on individuals located in China are required to adopt measures to reduce mitigate unethical personal information disclosure and protect users from infringement.</p>
<p>Personal information violations can be severe, namely, the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China elevates the illegal sale or provision of citizen’s personal information to another to a criminal offense. Under Article 253 of the Criminal Law, individual violators face a maximum 3-year imprisonment term for serious violations and under exceptionally serious circumstances, an imprisonment term of 3-7 years. Equally, if the company commits the criminal offence, any directly liable officers or other directly liable individuals of the company shall be convicted and subject to the relevant criminal penalties. Therefore, companies should implement strict measures to regulate the use and disclosure of personal information.</p>
<p>In the below, we summarise the main do’s and don’ts of using and disclosing for companies handling the personal information of individuals located in China.</p>
<h4><strong>Do disclose personal information only when necessary and accordingly to law or within justifiable reasons</strong></h4>
<p>Article 1034 of the Civil Code defines personal information as the following:</p>
<p><em>Personal information</em><em> refers to any information electronically or otherwise recorded that can be used, either alone or in combination with other information, to identify a specific natural person, including the name, date of birth, identification document number, biometric information, address, telephone number, email address, health information or whereabouts of the natural person.</em><em> </em></p>
<p>Under Specification, personal information shall only be disclosed under the following conditions:</p>
<ul>
<li>When a security impact assessment is conducted</li>
<li>When consent is obtained</li>
<li>When record-keeping and retention obligations are performed</li>
<li>When stating restrictions during information disclosure</li>
</ul>
<h4><strong>Do clearly state the nature of the disclose and obtain consent</strong></h4>
<p>Companies processing personal information are referred as the processors and obliged to obtain consent and disclose the use of the professional information under PIPL.</p>
<p>Specifically, processors shall inform the individual of the following matters in a visible, clear, and easy-to-understand language, truthful, accurate and complete manner.</p>
<ul>
<li>The organizational or personal name and contact information of the personal information processor;</li>
<li>The purpose and method of processing personal information, the type of personal information to be processed and its retention period;</li>
<li>The way and procedure for the individual to exercise his/her rights provided for by this Law; and</li>
<li>Any other matter to be informed as required by law or administrative regulations.</li>
</ul>
<p>Any changes to the above shall be informed to the individual and such individual shall be able to withdraw consent. In a withdrawal, processors shall halt the collection or promptly delete the collected personal information.</p>
<p>Equally, PIPL prescribes the following circumstances in which individual consent is not required for disclosure.</p>
<ul>
<li>Where it is necessary for the conclusion or performance of a contract to which the individual is a contracting party, or where it is necessary for carrying out human resources management under an employment policy legally established or a collective contract legally concluded;</li>
<li>Where it is necessary for performing a statutory responsibility or statutory obligation;</li>
<li>Where it is necessary for responding to a public health emergency, or for protecting the life, health or property safety of a natural person in the case of an emergency;</li>
<li>Where the personal information is processed within a reasonable scope to carry out any news reporting, supervision by public opinions or any other activity for public interest purposes;</li>
<li>Where the personal information, which has already been disclosed by the individual or otherwise legally disclosed.</li>
</ul>
<h4><strong>Don’t neglect additional processing measures for sensitive personal information</strong></h4>
<p>For sensitive personal information, companies are required to protect such data, obtain specific consent for disclosure and inform the individual of the necessity and the impact on their rights and interests. Sensitive personal information refers to the following:</p>
<ul>
<li>Religious beliefs;</li>
<li>Bio-metrics;</li>
<li>Specific identities, medical and health;</li>
<li>Financial accounts, whereabouts and other information of a natural person;</li>
<li>Personal information of minors under the age of fourteen</li>
</ul>
<p>Though the following personal information are forbidden to be disclosed</p>
<ul>
<li>Personal bio-metric information</li>
<li>Genetic, disease and other personal physiological information</li>
<li>Analysis results of the racial or ethnic identity, political opinions, religious beliefs or other sensitive personal data of Chinese citizens</li>
</ul>
<h4><strong>Do adopt stringent control measures </strong></h4>
<p>The Guides requires companies processing personal information to establish administrative control system to prevent unauthorised disclosure such as leakage or tampering. Control systems should be implemented, audited and improved continuously to reduce risks and indirect violations. Additionally, the following technical control shall be implemented for robust controls.</p>
<ul>
<li>Establishing password and/or verification to protect the integrity and confidentiality of personal information.</li>
<li>Adopting measures to detect, prevent, and combat threats against the systems processing personal information.</li>
<li>Employing an authentication system to verifying the identity of users who have access to the personal information processing systems; implement and audit access control; and prevent and detect intrusions of malicious code and malware.</li>
<li>Establishing data security in the authentication, access control, and audit; ensure data integrity, confidentiality, availability, and sanitation.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h4><strong>Don’t neglect legal liabilities </strong><strong> </strong></h4>
<p>The Specification is often serves as a guide for enforcers to regulate personal information disclosure. Companies failing to comply with the relevant rules and regulations can result in administrative and criminal liabilities.</p>
<p>Administrative liabilities</p>
<p>Those processing personal information in violation of this PIPL or failing to perform any obligation of personal information protection specified in PIPL in the processing of personal information will be ordered to make a correction, given a warning, and confiscated of any illegal gain. Any illegal activities shall be entered into credit files and be disclosed to the public.</p>
<p>Civil liabilities</p>
<p>Personal information infringement under the Cyber Security Law shall be ordered to make corrections and may be subject to following penalties either alone or in combination depending on the circumstances. Penalties include a warning, confiscation of illegal gains, and a fine between twice and ten times the illegal gains or a fine up to CNY 1,000,000 if there are no illegal gains on the organisation, as well as a fine between CNY 10,000 and CNY 100,000 on any directly liable officers or other directly liable individuals of the organisation.</p>
<p>In serious circumstances, the organisation may be ordered to suspend the relevant operation, suspend business for rectification, shut down its website or have its relevant business permit or business licence revoked.</p>
<p>Criminal liabilities</p>
<p>Under Article 253 of the Criminal Law, individual violators face a maximum 3-year imprisonment term for serious violations and under exceptionally serious circumstances, an imprisonment term of 3-7 years. Equally, if the company commits the criminal offence, any directly liable officers or other directly liable individuals of the company shall be convicted and subject to the relevant criminal penalties.</p>
<p><strong>Conclusion<br />
</strong><strong><br />
</strong>Enterprises using and disclosing data should adjust and adopt work practices accordingly to legal obligations. Understanding and monitoring the changes in new regulations is essential in navigating compliance commitments. At Horizons, we have been developing data compliance frameworks for large to medium-sized companies in China.</p>
<p><em>This content appears as a courtesy of </em><a href="http://horizons-advisory.com/"><strong><em>Horizons Corporate Advisory</em></strong></a><em>, a proud member of the</em><a href="https://theccgway.com/"> <strong><em>China Collaborative Group (CCG Association)</em></strong></a><em>. It is informational in nature and does not constitute legal advice or establish an attorney-client relationship between you and its author, publisher or any member of CCG. For more information, please visit </em><a href="http://www.horizons-advisory.com"><strong><em>www.horizons-advisory.com</em></strong></a><em>. </em></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/09/16/using-and-disclosing-personal-information-in-china-dos-and-dont/">Using and disclosing personal Information in China – do’s and don’ts</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
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		<title>Der neue Digital Services Act</title>
		<link>https://www.theccgway.com/2022/09/01/der-neue-digital-services-act/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CCG]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Sep 2022 08:24:50 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[data]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[data privacy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[data security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[European Union]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[swiss]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.theccgway.com/?p=14558</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Der Digital Services Act (DSA) ist eine neue Verordnung der Europäischen Union, die damit sog. Online-Vermittlungsdienste (Online-Intermediäre) wie Marktplätze oder Social Media Plattformen stärker in die Pflicht nehmen und höhere...</p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/09/01/der-neue-digital-services-act/">Der neue Digital Services Act</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Der Digital Services Act (DSA) ist eine neue Verordnung der Europäischen Union, die damit sog. Online-Vermittlungsdienste (Online-Intermediäre) wie Marktplätze oder Social Media Plattformen stärker in die Pflicht nehmen und höhere Transparenz im Internet schaffen will. Durch den DSA soll auch die enorme Marktmacht der grossen amerikanischen Tech-Konzerne  eingeschränkt werden. Der neue Rechtsrahmen für Online-Angebote soll voraussichtlich 2023 in Kraft treten.</p>
<p>Anwendbar ist der DSA auf alle Vermittlungsdienste, die ihre Dienstleistungen in der EU anbieten. Davon ausgenommen sind Klein- und Kleinstunternehmen. Es gilt analog zur DSGVO, die extraterritoriale Wirkung, weshalb somit auch Schweizer Online-Vermittlungsdienste, die ihre Dienstleistungen in Europa anbieten, grundsätzlich ab Inkrafttreten der Verordnung unter den DSA fallen. Nachfolgend wird zwischen vier Kategorien von Online-Intermediären unterschieden, wobei gilt, je höher die Kategorie, desto umfassender die Pflichten gemäss DSA.</p>
<p><u>Kategorie 1: Alle Vermittlungsdienste / Online-Intermediäre</u></p>
<ul>
<li>Pflicht, gegen illegale Inhalte vorzugehen und/oder Pflicht zur Herausgabe von Informationen, falls verfügt (keine Überwachungspflicht der Vermittlungsdienste / Online-Intermediäre);</li>
<li>Einrichtung einer zentralen Kontaktstelle (single–point-of–contact) in der EU;</li>
<li>Ernennung eines Rechtsvertreters, falls keine Niederlassung in der EU;</li>
<li>Transparenzpflichten in den allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen;</li>
<li>Mindestens jährliche Berichterstattung an den Koordinator für digitale Dienste des EU-Mitgliedstaates über Moderation von Inhalten.</li>
</ul>
<p><u>Kategorie 2: Nur Hosting-Provider (inkl. Online-Plattformen)</u></p>
<ul>
<li>Alle Pflichten aus Kategorie 1 und zusätzlich:</li>
<li>Pflichten zu Melde- und Abhilfeverfahren;</li>
<li>Mitteilung der Gründe für Entfernung von Inhalten oder Zugangssperren;</li>
<li>Veröffentlichung von anonymisierten Entscheiden.</li>
</ul>
<p><u>Kategorie 3: Nur Online-Plattformen</u></p>
<ul>
<li>Alle Pflichten aus Kategorie 1 + 2 und zusätzlich:</li>
<li>Beschwerde- und Rechtsbehelfsmechanismus sowie aussergerichtliche Streitbeilegung;</li>
<li>Priorisierung von Meldungen von sog. „vertrauenswürdigen Hinweisgebern“;</li>
<li>Massnahmen gegen missbräuchliche Meldungen sowie Gegendarstellungen;</li>
<li>Sicherheitsüberprüfung von Drittanbietern;</li>
<li>Transparenz von Online-Werbung gegenüber Nutzerinnen;</li>
<li>Meldung von Straftaten.</li>
</ul>
<p><u>Kategorie 4: Nur sehr grosse Online-Plattformen (mehr als 45 Mio. User/Monat)</u></p>
<ul>
<li>Alle Pflichten aus Kategorie 1, 2 + 3 und zusätzlich:</li>
<li>Risikomanagement-Pflichten und Ernennung eines Compliance-Beauftragten;</li>
<li>Jährliche externe Risikoprüfungen und öffentliche Rechenschaftspflicht;</li>
<li>Transparenz der Empfehlungssysteme und Wahlmöglichkeiten für Nutzerinnen beim Zugriff auf Information;</li>
<li>Datenaustausch mit Behörden aus der Forschung.</li>
</ul>
<p>Bei Verletzungen drohen den Unternehmen empfindliche Geldbussen von bis zu 6% der Jahreseinnahmen oder des Jahresumsatzes. Zudem können Geldstrafen für fortgesetzte Verstösse in Höhe von bis zu 5% des durchschnittlichen Tagesumsatzes verhängt werden.</p>
<p>Besteht nun Handlungsbedarf für Ihr Unternehmen?</p>
<p>Zwar wird die Verordnung voraussichtlich erst 2023 in Kraft treten, wir empfehlen Ihnen jedoch, frühzeitig die kommenden Entwicklungen zum DSA zu verfolgen und insbesondere schon vorab abzuklären, ob Ihr Unternehmen unter den DSA fallen wird.</p>
<p>Haben Sie weitere Fragen? Das HütteLAW-Team berät Sie gerne.</p>
<p><strong>Author: </strong>Stephanie Kaiser</p>
<p><em>This content appears as a courtesy of </em><a href="http://www.huettelaw.ch/en/home"><strong><em>HütteLAW</em></strong></a><em>, a proud member of the</em><a href="https://theccgway.com/"> <strong><em>China Collaborative Group (CCG Association)</em></strong></a><em>. It is informational in nature and does not constitute legal advice or establish an attorney-client relationship between you and its author, publisher or any member of CCG. For more information, please visit </em><strong><a href="http://www.huettelaw.ch/"><em>www.huettelaw.ch</em></a><em>.</em></strong></p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/09/01/der-neue-digital-services-act/">Der neue Digital Services Act</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
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		<title>Swiss Sanctions: Measures in connection with the situation in Ukraine</title>
		<link>https://www.theccgway.com/2022/07/07/swiss-sanctions-measures-in-connection-with-the-situation-in-ukraine/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CCG]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 07 Jul 2022 06:11:43 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EU Sanctions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[European Union]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Russia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sanctions]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.theccgway.com/?p=9438</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>On February 28, 2022, the Federal Council of Switzerland ( “Federal Council”) decided to adopt the European Union&#8217;s (EU) sanctions against Russia. Therefore, the existing regulation was subject to a...</p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/07/07/swiss-sanctions-measures-in-connection-with-the-situation-in-ukraine/">Swiss Sanctions: Measures in connection with the situation in Ukraine</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>On February 28, 2022, the Federal Council of Switzerland ( “Federal Council”) decided to adopt the European Union&#8217;s (EU) sanctions against Russia. Therefore, the existing regulation was subject to a total revision on March 4, 2022 (Verordnung vom 4. März 2022 über Massnahmen im Zusammenhang mit der Situation in der Ukraine (SR 946.231.176.72)). The Federal Council enacted further sanctions against Russia and Belarus on April 27, 2022. This implements the Federal Council&#8217;s decision of April 13, 2022 to largely adopt the EU&#8217;s latest sanctions package.</p>
<p>The Swiss sanctions can be divided into trade restriction measures and financial restriction measures.</p>
<p>The Swiss Sanctions impose various prohibitions in connection with the import and/or export of specific goods (e.g. military and dual use goods, goods for aerospace and maritime use, fuels and energy, goods of industrial importance) and/or to or from designated areas (in particular: Crimea, Sevastopol as well as areas of the Ukrainian oblast of Donetsk and the Ukrainian oblast of Luhansk not controlled by the Ukrainian government).</p>
<p>The financial restrictions primarily focus on the blocking of funds and economic resources owned or controlled by sanctioned natural persons, enterprises and entities as well as the prohibition of transactions with specified state-owned enterprises. Furthermore, the Swiss sanctions prohibit the registration of trusts for Russian nationals or natural or legal persons resident in Russia as well as the provision of various services for such trusts.</p>
<p>Currently, it can be difficult to get an overview of the numerous sanctions provisions and to clarify which transactions are covered by the sanctions provisions and which business opportunities can continue to be pursued. In addition, the EU Sanctions (EU Regulation (EU) 833/2014) extend its applicability extraterritorially, in particular in relation to nationals of Member States of the EU. Therefore, we highly recommend to clarify whether and to what extent the EU sanctions affect the specific case.</p>
<p>Do you have further questions? The HütteLAW team will be happy to advise you.</p>
<p>Author: Gregor Jeker</p>
<p><em>This content appears as a courtesy of </em><a href="http://www.huettelaw.ch/en/home"><strong><em>HütteLAW</em></strong></a><em>, a proud member of the</em><a href="https://theccgway.com/"> <strong><em>China Collaborative Group (CCG Association)</em></strong></a><em>. It is informational in nature and does not constitute legal advice or establish an attorney-client relationship between you and its author, publisher or any member of CCG. For more information, please visit </em><strong><a href="http://www.huettelaw.ch/"><em>www.huettelaw.ch</em></a><em>.</em></strong></p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/07/07/swiss-sanctions-measures-in-connection-with-the-situation-in-ukraine/">Swiss Sanctions: Measures in connection with the situation in Ukraine</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
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		<title>Summary punishment – a cost-effective solution</title>
		<link>https://www.theccgway.com/2022/06/23/summary-punishment-a-cost-effective-solution/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CCG]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 23 Jun 2022 07:39:01 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[penalities]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[swiss]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.theccgway.com/?p=5118</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Der Strafbefehl als kostengünstige Lösung Etwa 95 Prozent aller nicht eingestellten Strafverfahren werden in der Schweiz derzeit mittels Strafbefehl erledigt. Wird dagegen nicht innert 10 Tagen Einsprache erhoben, liegt ein...</p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/06/23/summary-punishment-a-cost-effective-solution/">Summary punishment – a cost-effective solution</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Der Strafbefehl als kostengünstige Lösung<br />
Etwa 95 Prozent aller nicht eingestellten Strafverfahren werden in der Schweiz derzeit mittels Strafbefehl erledigt. Wird dagegen nicht innert 10 Tagen Einsprache erhoben, liegt ein rechtskräftiges Urteil vor. Dabei agiert der Staatsanwalt als Kläger und «Richter».</p>
<p>Abschlussmöglichkeiten<br />
Ist die Untersuchung im Strafverfahren einmal eröffnet, kann die Staatsanwaltschaft das Vorverfahren mittels Strafbefehl, Anklageerhebung bei Gericht oder Einstellung abschliessen. Bei niederschwelligen Delikten, beispielsweise Ladendiebstählen, kann unter Leitung der Staatsanwaltschaft ein Vergleich unter den Parteien angestrebt werden, wobei ebenfalls eine Einstellung des Vorverfahrens erfolgt. Mittels Strafbefehl werden insbesondere Massen- und Bagatelldelikte erledigt, sofern entweder die beschuldigte Person die Tat gestanden hat oder aber die Umstände anderweitig ausreichend geklärt worden sind (Art. 352 Abs. 1 StPO).</p>
<p>Pro und Kontra der Erledigung mittels Strafbefehl<br />
Die Erledigung mittels Strafbefehl soll das Strafverfahren sowohl für den Beschuldigten als auch die Strafjustiz beschleunigen. In diesem Fall müssen die Parteien nicht zu einer öffentlich durchgeführten Gerichtsverhandlung erscheinen (Art. 69 StPO), was dem Leitgedanken der Effizienz entspricht und das Verfahren schneller und kostengünstiger macht.<br />
Diese Effizienz und «Oberflächlichkeit» im Strafverfahren stellen jedoch wesentliche strafprozessuale Grundgedanken in Frage. Im Gegensatz zum ordentlichen Strafverfahren kann der Staatsanwalt die Angelegenheit selbständig aburteilen. Damit besteht keine personelle Trennung zwischen Anklage und Urteilsfindung. Eigentlich handelt es sich beim Strafbefehl um einen Urteilsvorschlag (Strafangebot, Bestrafungsofferte), was leider ungenügend zum Ausdruck kommt und durch das strukturelle Ungleichgewicht noch verstärkt wird. Neben dieser funktionalen Personalunion der Staatsanwaltschaft bleiben auch Fragen zum rechtlichen Gehör, der Waffengleichheit und des Grundsatzes der Verfahrensöffentlichkeit unbeantwortet.</p>
<p>Haben Sie weitere Fragen? Das HütteLAW-Team berät Sie gerne.</p>
<p>Author: Mario Kälin</p>
<p><em>This content appears as a courtesy of </em><a href="http://www.huettelaw.ch/en/home"><strong><em>HütteLAW</em></strong></a><em>, a proud member of the</em><a href="https://theccgway.com/"> <strong><em>China Collaborative Group (CCG Association)</em></strong></a><em>. It is informational in nature and does not constitute legal advice or establish an attorney-client relationship between you and its author, publisher or any member of CCG. For more information, please visit </em><strong><a href="http://www.huettelaw.ch/"><em>www.huettelaw.ch</em></a><em>.</em></strong></p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/06/23/summary-punishment-a-cost-effective-solution/">Summary punishment – a cost-effective solution</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
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		<title>How to defend against short-term work compensation reclaims</title>
		<link>https://www.theccgway.com/2022/06/08/how-to-defend-against-short-time-working-compensation-reclaims/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CCG]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 08 Jun 2022 09:20:24 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[claims]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[employee]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[short-term employement]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.theccgway.com/?p=5116</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Rückforderung der Kurzarbeitsentschädigung – Was können Sie tun? Während der Pandemie in den Jahren 2020 und 2021 waren plötzlich sehr viele Unternehmen in der Situation Lohnkosten nicht mehr alleine tragen...</p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/06/08/how-to-defend-against-short-time-working-compensation-reclaims/">How to defend against short-term work compensation reclaims</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Rückforderung der Kurzarbeitsentschädigung – Was können Sie tun?</strong></p>
<p>Während der Pandemie in den Jahren 2020 und 2021 waren plötzlich sehr viele Unternehmen in der Situation Lohnkosten nicht mehr alleine tragen zu können und somit auf die Einführung von Kurzarbeit im Betrieb angewiesen. Ein Grossteil der betroffenen Unternehmen hatte zuvor keinerlei Erfahrung mit Kurzarbeit und war weder mit den eigenen noch den behördlichen administrativen Verfahrensabläufen und –anforderungen vertraut. Die dringliche Gesamtsituation in der Pandemie führte schliesslich dazu, dass das Antragsverfahren um Kurzarbeitsentschädigung durch den Staat stark vereinfacht wurde und aufgrund der Flut an Anträgen, die behördliche Prüfung über die Berechtigung zur Kurzarbeitsentschädigung zumindest für die Dauer der Pandemie nur summarisch erfolgte. Betroffene Unternehmen und ihre Mitarbeiter waren dankbar für die schnelle Bearbeitung, die staatliche Unterstützung und den geringeren bürokratischen Aufwand. Vielen Unternehmen mag die Gewährung der Kurzarbeitsentschädigung aus der finanziellen Notlage geholfen und den Fortbestand des Betriebs sowie die bestehenden Arbeitsplätze gesichert haben. Sie haben darauf vertraut, dass ihnen die Kurzarbeitsentschädigung berechtigterweise gewährt und ausbezahlt wurde. Nun bringen es Krisen leider auch mit sich, dass natürliche und juristische Personen mit gewisser krimineller Energie versuchen, sich bewusst und in unberechtigter Weise Leistungen zu erschleichen. Die Behörden waren sich dieses Problems durchaus bewusst, hatten sich zum Schutz der Unternehmen, die rechtskonform und lauter handeln, jedoch für das vereinfachte Antrags- und Prüfverfahren entschieden. Es wurde jedoch von Anfang an darauf hingewiesen, dass sämtliche Anträge auf Kurzarbeitsentschädigung nach der Pandemie einer intensiven Überprüfung unterzogen werden und es bei unberechtigtem Bezug von Kurzarbeitsentschädigungen zu Rückforderungen und allenfalls Bussen kommen könne.</p>
<p>Seit einigen Monaten läuft eine umfassendere behördliche Überprüfung der pandemiebedingten Anträge auf Kurzarbeitsentschädigung. Nun sehen sich manche Unternehmen oftmals unerwartet einer Rückforderung der vormals gewährten Kurzarbeitsentschädigungen ausgesetzt, weil die behördlich intensivierte nachträgliche Überprüfung Unstimmigkeiten bei der Antragsstellung oder sonstige Gründe feststellte, die gegen einen berechtigten Bezug der Kurzarbeitsentschädigung sprechen. Gegen den Rückforderungsentscheid können sich die betroffenen Unternehmen mittels Einsprache zur Wehr setzen. Diese bleibt jedoch häufig erfolglos, insbesondere wenn tatsächlich ein unberechtigter Bezug nachgewiesen wird. Die staatlichen Rückforderungsansprüche können sehr hoch sein und wirtschaftliche Engpässe und Unternehmenskrisen verursachen. Die erhaltenen Kurzarbeitsentschädigungen sind längst an die Mitarbeiter ausbezahlt worden und das Unternehmen verfügt zwischenzeitlich nicht über die nötigen liquiden Mittel für eine Rückzahlung. Die Rückforderung darf keinesfalls auf die Mitarbeiter abgewälzt werden, d.h. ausbezahlte Kurzarbeitsentschädigungen dürfen seitens des Arbeitgebers nicht zurückgefordert werden.</p>
<p>Welche Möglichkeiten haben Sie in einem solchen Fall?</p>
<p>Das Gesetz sieht unter gewissen Voraussetzungen vor, dass staatliche Ansprüche auf Rückzahlung der Kurzarbeitsentschädigung im Einzelfall erlassen werden können (Art 25 Abs. 1 ATSG, Art. 4 + 5 ATSV). Hierfür muss ein Erlassgesuch bei der zuständigen Behörde gestellt werden, sobald die Rückforderungsverfügung in Rechtskraft erwachsen ist. Im Gesuch ist darzulegen, dass das Unternehmen beim Leistungsbezug sowohl gutgläubig war als auch die Rückforderung aus finanzieller Sicht eine grosse Härte darstellt. Blosse Unkenntnis darüber, dass man die Leistungen unberechtigt bezog, begründet den geforderten Gutglaubensschutz nicht. Aussicht auf Erfolg besteht, sofern dem Antragsteller nur leichte Fahrlässigkeit vorgeworfen werden kann. Das kumulative Kriterium der grossen Härte wird in der Regel dann bejaht, wenn die zurückgeforderten Beträge in Summe mehr als 20 % des durchschnittlichen Reingewinns von 3 Jahren betragen.</p>
<p>Haben Sie weitere Fragen? Das HütteLAW-Team berät Sie gerne.</p>
<p><strong>Author:</strong> Cornelia Arnold</p>
<p><em>This content appears as a courtesy of </em><a href="http://www.huettelaw.ch/en/home"><strong><em>HütteLAW</em></strong></a><em>, a proud member of the</em><a href="https://theccgway.com/"> <strong><em>China Collaborative Group (CCG Association)</em></strong></a><em>. It is informational in nature and does not constitute legal advice or establish an attorney-client relationship between you and its author, publisher or any member of CCG. For more information, please visit </em><strong><a href="http://www.huettelaw.ch/"><em>www.huettelaw.ch</em></a><em>.</em></strong></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/06/08/how-to-defend-against-short-time-working-compensation-reclaims/">How to defend against short-term work compensation reclaims</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
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		<title>Cyprus Alert: Annual Levy due by June 30th 2022</title>
		<link>https://www.theccgway.com/2022/06/01/cyprus-alert-annual-levy-due-by-june-30th-2022/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CCG]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Jun 2022 06:21:16 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cyprus]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tax]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.theccgway.com/?p=4595</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Do you know that companies registered in Cyprus shall pay an annual tax of € 350 by 30 June annually? Failure to pay the fee in a timely manner will...</p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/06/01/cyprus-alert-annual-levy-due-by-june-30th-2022/">Cyprus Alert: Annual Levy due by June 30th 2022</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Do you know that companies registered in Cyprus shall pay an annual tax of € 350 by 30 June annually?</p>
<p>Failure to pay the fee in a timely manner will subject to penalities:</p>
<ul>
<li> Late payments made by August 2022 shall face a penalty of 10% plus the annual tax fee €385.</li>
<li>Late payments from 1 September onwards shall face a penalty of 30% plus the annual tax €385.</li>
<li>Failure to pay the annual fee can result in being striked off the company from the Register.</li>
</ul>
<p>The annual levy fee is highly recommended to paid within 30 June 2022.</p>
<p><em>This content appears as a courtesy of <a href="http://www.georgioullc.com">Georgios K Georgiou LLC</a>, a proud member of the</em><a href="https://theccgway.com/"> <em>China Collaborative Group (CCG Association)</em></a><em>. It is informational in nature and does not constitute legal advice or establish an attorney-client relationship between you and its author, publisher or any member of CCG. For more information related to its content, please visit</em> <a href="http://www.georgioullc.com/">www.georgi<em>oullc.com</em></a>.</p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/06/01/cyprus-alert-annual-levy-due-by-june-30th-2022/">Cyprus Alert: Annual Levy due by June 30th 2022</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
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		<title>Invoking force majeure in commercial contracts during lockdown</title>
		<link>https://www.theccgway.com/2022/05/18/invoking-force-majeure-in-commercial-contracts-during-lockdown/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CCG]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 18 May 2022 04:40:44 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China Covid-19]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[force majeure]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[foreign investment]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.theccgway.com/?p=4575</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>From March 2022, several cities in China have established citywide or block static management control (lockdown) to contain the new variant of COVID-19 virus – Omicron. Namely in Shanghai, the...</p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/05/18/invoking-force-majeure-in-commercial-contracts-during-lockdown/">Invoking force majeure in commercial contracts during lockdown</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>From March 2022, several cities in China have established citywide or block static management control (lockdown) to contain the new variant of COVID-19 virus – Omicron. Namely in Shanghai, the citywide lockdown from 1 April has continued into May and more cities are experiencing epidemic control and prevention measures. As a result, companies may face difficulties rendering contractual obligations, for example inability to continue manufacturing goods or performing services under terms agreed in commercial contracts signed before the lockdown. Under such cases, the circumstances in which the contracts were originally signed under have significantly changed and companies may invoke force majeure.</p>
<p><strong>What is force majeure?</strong></p>
<p>A force majeure clause exempts one or both parties from liability or obligation since an extraordinary event, such as war, strike, crime, or “Act of God” prevents one or more parties from fulfilling their obligations under the signed contract. Epidemic measures enacted to contain COVID-19 (such as lockdown) which directly restricts companies from performing contractual obligations may constitute as a force majeure, since the original terms can no-longer be performed. For instance, as the citywide lockdown in Shanghai continues, manufacturers unable to resume work cannot fulfil their contractual obligations, and such manufacturers may invoke the force majeure clause.</p>
<p><strong>Invoking force majeure during or after lockdown</strong></p>
<p>The legal basis for force majeure is provisioned under The <em>Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China</em></p>
<p>Articles 180, 563 and 590.</p>
<p><strong><em>Article 180</em></strong><em><br />
</em><em>A person who is unable to perform his civil-law obligations due to force majeure</em> <em>bears no civil liability, unless otherwise provided by law. “Force majeure” means objective conditions which are unforeseeable,</em> <em>unavoidable, and insurmountable</em></p>
<p><strong><em>Article 563</em></strong><em><br />
</em><em>The parties may rescind the contract under any of the following circumstances:</em><em><br />
</em><em>(1) the purpose of a contract is not able to be achieved due to force majeure;</em></p>
<p><strong><em>Article 590</em></strong><em><br />
</em><em>Where a party is unable to perform the contract due to force majeure, he shall be</em> <em>exempted from liability in whole or in part according to the impact of the force</em> <em>majeure, unless otherwise provided by law. The party unable to perform the contract</em> <em>due to force majeure shall promptly notify the other party to mitigate the losses that</em> <em>may be caused to the other party, and shall provide proof of the force majeure within a</em> <em>reasonable period of time.</em> <em>Where the force majeure occurs after a party’s delay in performance, such party’s</em> <em>default liability shall not be exempted</em></p>
<p>Under such provisions, companies invoking force majeure are not wholly exempted from contractual obligations. Rather companies are required to prove that the lockdown measures directly impacted their contractual terms. For example, a manufacturer could not deliver the goods as agreed within the contract since the factory was lockdown and manufacturing could not continue, therefore, the manufacturer could be exempted from such obligation and breach of contractual term.</p>
<p>In conclusion, affected companies can be exempted from for the breach of contract in part or in whole according to the influence of the force majeure – such as an epidemic measure.</p>
<p><strong><em>Terminating contracts under force majeure</em></strong></p>
<p>Contracts can only be terminated if the fundamental purpose of the contract cannot be achieved due to force majeure. Namely, where the contract cannot be performed or cannot be performed in accordance with the agreed terms defined in the contract.</p>
<p>The <em>Circular of the Supreme People’s Court on Issuing the Guiding Opinions (II) on Several Issues concerning the Proper Trial of Civil Cases Related to the COVID-19 Epidemic According to the Law</em> (“the guiding opinions of the Supreme Court (II)) provides further guidance on contract termination.</p>
<p><em>If the epidemic situation or epidemic prevention and control measures cause the parties to fail to perform the sales contract within the agreed time limit or the performance cost will be increased, and the continued performance does not affect the realization of the purpose of the contract, if either party request to terminate the contract, the people’s court will not support.</em></p>
<p>Under such example, though the continued performance of the contract has been adversely affected by the epidemic measures, the force majeure does affect the purpose of the contract. Hence, the contract cannot be terminated.  Instead, both parties to the contract shall still perform their contractual obligations in accordance with the agreement in accordance with the principle of good faith.</p>
<p>The affected party in such instance may apply the change of circumstance to renegotiate the contractual terms, if the epidemic situation or epidemic prevention and control measures significantly increased the performance costs of labor, raw materials and logistics, or significantly reduced the price of products.</p>
<p><strong>Change of circumstances</strong></p>
<p>The <em>Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China</em> revised in 2020 includes epidemic within the provisions in change of circumstances. Specifically, <strong>parties to a contract adversely affected by the epidemic may renegotiate the conditions for the performance of the contract. If the negotiation fails within a reasonable period of time, each party may request the people’s court or arbitration institution to change or terminate the contract.</strong></p>
<p>The Civil Code stipulates parties to renegotiate new terms in the first instance and continue to perform according to the negotiated terms. However, if the negotiation fails each party may request the people’s court or arbitration institution to change or terminate the contract by applying to the principle of fairness.</p>
<p>Where the people’s court or arbitration institution decides to change the contract, the party shall continue to perform the contract according to the changed conditions based on the agreement of the parties or the effective judgment document.</p>
<p><em>Case Study</em></p>
<p>Epidemic prevention and control measures directly restricted the delivery of  goods within the agreed time limit defined in the contract. Parties failed to negotiate new terms and the seller requested the people’s court to change the conditions of performance time limit. The people’s court changed the performance time limit according to the principle of fairness in combination with the actual situation of the case.</p>
<p>Consequently, companies should note that invoking force majeure clause for lockdown measures can be complex, which requires proof of the force majeure directly impacting the contractual obligation. Under certain circumstances, the party is exempted from the breach of contract, but the performance of the contract shall continue. Terminating contracts under force majeure should demonstrate the purpose of the contract is affected by the force majeure, otherwise the people’s court may not support such case. Alternatively, companies may utilise the change of circumstances provisions to renegotiate more suitable terms or apply to the people’s court to change or terminate the contract.</p>
<p><em>This content appears as a courtesy of </em><a href="http://horizons-advisory.com/"><strong><em>Horizons Corporate Advisory</em></strong></a><em>, a proud member of the</em><a href="https://theccgway.com/"> <strong><em>China Collaborative Group (CCG Association)</em></strong></a><em>. It is informational in nature and does not constitute legal advice or establish an attorney-client relationship between you and its author, publisher or any member of CCG. For more information, please visit </em><a href="http://www.horizons-advisory.com"><strong><em>www.horizons-advisory.com</em></strong></a><em>. </em></p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/05/18/invoking-force-majeure-in-commercial-contracts-during-lockdown/">Invoking force majeure in commercial contracts during lockdown</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
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		<title>Court-ordered dissolution of the company despite surplus assets</title>
		<link>https://www.theccgway.com/2022/05/12/court-ordered-dissolution-of-the-company-despite-surplus-assets/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CCG]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 12 May 2022 06:27:28 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corporate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[governance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[swiss]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.theccgway.com/?p=4570</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Gerichtlich angeordnete Auflösung der Gesellschaft trotz Aktivenüberschuss Die Organisation einer Aktiengesellschaft muss Gesetz und Statuten entsprechen. Es sind sämtliche (gesetzlich oder statutarisch) vorgeschriebenen Organe der Gesellschaft zu bestellen und richtig...</p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/05/12/court-ordered-dissolution-of-the-company-despite-surplus-assets/">Court-ordered dissolution of the company despite surplus assets</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Gerichtlich angeordnete Auflösung der Gesellschaft trotz Aktivenüberschuss</strong></p>
<p>Die Organisation einer Aktiengesellschaft muss Gesetz und Statuten entsprechen. Es sind sämtliche (gesetzlich oder statutarisch) vorgeschriebenen Organe der Gesellschaft zu bestellen und richtig zusammenzusetzen. Der Verwaltungsrat hat weiter zu gewährleisten, dass er das Aktienbuch und das Verzeichnis über die wirtschaftlich Berechtigten vorschriftsgemäss führt und die Gesellschaft an ihrem statutarischen Sitz ein Rechtsdomizil besitzt.</p>
<p>Liegt bei der Gesellschaft ein Organisationsmangel vor, so kann ein Aktionär, ein Gläubiger (Art. 731b Abs. 1 OR ) oder der zuständige Handelsregisterführer (Art. 939 Abs. 1 und 2 OR) beim Richter am Sitz der Gesellschaft beantragen, erforderliche Massnahmen zu ergreifen.</p>
<p>Art. 731b Abs. 1 OR sieht hierfür verschiedene Massnahmen vor. Der Richter kann der Gesellschaft unter Androhung ihrer Auflösung eine Frist ansetzen, binnen derer der rechtmässige Zustand wieder herzustellen ist (Ziff. 1), das fehlende Organ oder einen Sachwalter richterlich ernennen (Ziff. 2) oder die Gesellschaft auflösen und ihre Liquidation nach den Vorschriften über den Konkurs anordnen (Ziff. 3). Dieser Massnahmenkatalog zur Behebung des Organisationsmangels ist nicht abschliessend (BGE 136 III 369, S. 371, E. 11.4.1).</p>
<p>Die Behebung von Organisationsmängeln steht im Interesse eines funktionierenden Rechtsverkehrs und kann die Interessen von unterschiedlichen Anspruchsgruppen der Gesellschaft berühren, die zwar unter Umständen nicht als Partei am Verfahren nach Art. 731b OR beteiligt sind, deren Interessen aber dennoch vom Entscheid des Richters betroffen sind (bspw. Arbeitnehmer oder Aktionäre). Um diese Interessen ausreichend zu wahren, ist der Richter nicht an die Anträge der Parteien gebunden. Das Gesetz räumt dem Richter ein erhebliches Ermessen ein.</p>
<p><em>Cette disposition entend laisser au juge une grande latitude pour remédier aux carences d&#8217;organisation, quitte à devoir s&#8217;écarter des</em><em> conclusions de la partie requérante.</em></p>
<p>(BGE 138 III 166, S. 172 f., E. 3.9)</p>
<p>Unter Achtung der Verhältnismässigkeit kann der Richter die Gesellschaft auflösen und ihre Liquidation nach den Vorschriften über den Konkurs anordnen (Art. 731b Abs. 1<sup>bis</sup> Ziffer. 3 OR). Das Liquidationsverfahren wird  durch das Konkursamt am Sitz der Gesellschaft nach den Regeln des Konkursverfahrens (Art. 221 ff. SchKG) geführt. Dieses erfolgt jedoch nicht, weil der Konkurs über die Gesellschaft eröffnet wurde, sondern in Ausführung des gerichtlichen Auflösungsbeschlusses. Art. 731b OR begründet keinen Konkursfall. Die Bestimmungen des SchKG finden nicht direkt, sondern nur sinngemäss Anwendung auf das Liquidationsverfahren. Schliesslich erfolgte der Auflösungsbeschluss durch den Richter aufgrund einer mangelhaften Organisation und nicht aufgrund Insolvenz oder Überschuldung der Gesellschaft. Das Auflösungsurteil nach Art. 731b OR sagt nichts über die finanzielle Lage der Gesellschaft aus.</p>
<p>Das hält das Bundesgericht ausdrücklich in einem aktuellen Entscheid fest (BGer 5A_665/2021, Arrêt du 28 janvier 2022). Aus diesem Grund findet auch Art. 195 SchKG keine Anwendung, wenn das Liquidationsverfahren aufgrund eines Organisationsmangels eröffnet wurde. Diese Bestimmung ermächtigt das Konkursgericht unter vorbestimmten Voraussetzungen, auf Antrag des Schuldners den Konkurs zu widerrufen und dem Schuldner das Verfügungsrecht über sein Vermögen zurückzugeben.</p>
<p><em>Le juge de la faillite reste compétent pour toute décision au cours de la procédure de faillite que lui attribue la loi, sauf la révocation de la faillite étant donné que celle-ci n&#8217;a jamais été ouverte.</em></p>
<p>BGer 5A_665/2021, Arrêt du 28 janvier 2022</p>
<p>Es stellt sich somit die Frage, wie zu verfahren ist, wenn aus den Liquidationshandlungen ein Aktivenüberschuss der aufgelösten Gesellschaft resultiert. Übersteigt ein Verwertungserlös nach Deckung der Liquidationskosten sämtliche Gläubigerforderungen mitsamt Zinsschulden, so steht ein entsprechender Aktivenüberschuss zivilrechtlich dem Schuldner und sinngemäss somit der Gesellschaft zu. Im Falle einer Aktiengesellschaft haben ihre Organe über die Verteilung dieser Finanzmittel zu entscheiden. Die Organe der Gesellschaft erlangen in diesem Umfang ihre Verfügungsbefugnisse an diesen Mitteln zurück. Das Konkursamt selber ist nicht zu einer Auszahlung an die Aktionäre berechtigt, da die gesetzliche Grundlage des SchKG nur die Verwertung und Auszahlung an die Gläubiger regelt. Das Konkursamt kann den Aktivenüberschuss nur bei der Depositenanstalt hinterlegen (Art. 264 Abs. 3 SchKG sinngemäss).</p>
<p>Ein Widerruf des Auflösungsbeschlusses analog Art. 195 SchKG hat das Bundesgericht in seinem Entscheid ausgeschlossen. Doch wer verfügt über einen Aktivenüberschuss, wenn die Gesellschaft wegen fehlender Exekutivorgane gerichtlich aufgelöst wurde? Zumindest müsste es den Aktionären der Gesellschaft möglich sein, auch nach Rechtskraft des Auflösungsurteils das Exekutivorgan neu zu besetzen, denn offensichtlich enden dessen Aufgaben noch nicht mit Rechtskraft des Auflösungsurteils.</p>
<p>Handeln Sie daher besser vorher und vermeiden Sie als Organ einer Gesellschaft einen Mangel in deren Organisation nach Art. 731b OR oder beseitigen Sie diesen fristgerecht.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Haben Sie weitere Fragen? Das HütteLAW-Team berät Sie gerne.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Author:</strong> Christian Bernegger</p>
<p><em>This content appears as a courtesy of </em><a href="http://www.huettelaw.ch/en/home"><strong><em>HütteLAW</em></strong></a><em>, a proud member of the</em><a href="https://theccgway.com/"> <strong><em>China Collaborative Group (CCG Association)</em></strong></a><em>. It is informational in nature and does not constitute legal advice or establish an attorney-client relationship between you and its author, publisher or any member of CCG. For more information, please visit </em><strong><a href="http://www.huettelaw.ch/"><em>www.huettelaw.ch</em></a><em>.</em></strong></p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/05/12/court-ordered-dissolution-of-the-company-despite-surplus-assets/">Court-ordered dissolution of the company despite surplus assets</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
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