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		<title>Court-ordered dissolution of the company despite surplus assets</title>
		<link>https://www.theccgway.com/2022/05/12/court-ordered-dissolution-of-the-company-despite-surplus-assets/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CCG]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 12 May 2022 06:27:28 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corporate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[governance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[swiss]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.theccgway.com/?p=4570</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Gerichtlich angeordnete Auflösung der Gesellschaft trotz Aktivenüberschuss Die Organisation einer Aktiengesellschaft muss Gesetz und Statuten entsprechen. Es sind sämtliche (gesetzlich oder statutarisch) vorgeschriebenen Organe der Gesellschaft zu bestellen und richtig...</p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/05/12/court-ordered-dissolution-of-the-company-despite-surplus-assets/">Court-ordered dissolution of the company despite surplus assets</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Gerichtlich angeordnete Auflösung der Gesellschaft trotz Aktivenüberschuss</strong></p>
<p>Die Organisation einer Aktiengesellschaft muss Gesetz und Statuten entsprechen. Es sind sämtliche (gesetzlich oder statutarisch) vorgeschriebenen Organe der Gesellschaft zu bestellen und richtig zusammenzusetzen. Der Verwaltungsrat hat weiter zu gewährleisten, dass er das Aktienbuch und das Verzeichnis über die wirtschaftlich Berechtigten vorschriftsgemäss führt und die Gesellschaft an ihrem statutarischen Sitz ein Rechtsdomizil besitzt.</p>
<p>Liegt bei der Gesellschaft ein Organisationsmangel vor, so kann ein Aktionär, ein Gläubiger (Art. 731b Abs. 1 OR ) oder der zuständige Handelsregisterführer (Art. 939 Abs. 1 und 2 OR) beim Richter am Sitz der Gesellschaft beantragen, erforderliche Massnahmen zu ergreifen.</p>
<p>Art. 731b Abs. 1 OR sieht hierfür verschiedene Massnahmen vor. Der Richter kann der Gesellschaft unter Androhung ihrer Auflösung eine Frist ansetzen, binnen derer der rechtmässige Zustand wieder herzustellen ist (Ziff. 1), das fehlende Organ oder einen Sachwalter richterlich ernennen (Ziff. 2) oder die Gesellschaft auflösen und ihre Liquidation nach den Vorschriften über den Konkurs anordnen (Ziff. 3). Dieser Massnahmenkatalog zur Behebung des Organisationsmangels ist nicht abschliessend (BGE 136 III 369, S. 371, E. 11.4.1).</p>
<p>Die Behebung von Organisationsmängeln steht im Interesse eines funktionierenden Rechtsverkehrs und kann die Interessen von unterschiedlichen Anspruchsgruppen der Gesellschaft berühren, die zwar unter Umständen nicht als Partei am Verfahren nach Art. 731b OR beteiligt sind, deren Interessen aber dennoch vom Entscheid des Richters betroffen sind (bspw. Arbeitnehmer oder Aktionäre). Um diese Interessen ausreichend zu wahren, ist der Richter nicht an die Anträge der Parteien gebunden. Das Gesetz räumt dem Richter ein erhebliches Ermessen ein.</p>
<p><em>Cette disposition entend laisser au juge une grande latitude pour remédier aux carences d&#8217;organisation, quitte à devoir s&#8217;écarter des</em><em> conclusions de la partie requérante.</em></p>
<p>(BGE 138 III 166, S. 172 f., E. 3.9)</p>
<p>Unter Achtung der Verhältnismässigkeit kann der Richter die Gesellschaft auflösen und ihre Liquidation nach den Vorschriften über den Konkurs anordnen (Art. 731b Abs. 1<sup>bis</sup> Ziffer. 3 OR). Das Liquidationsverfahren wird  durch das Konkursamt am Sitz der Gesellschaft nach den Regeln des Konkursverfahrens (Art. 221 ff. SchKG) geführt. Dieses erfolgt jedoch nicht, weil der Konkurs über die Gesellschaft eröffnet wurde, sondern in Ausführung des gerichtlichen Auflösungsbeschlusses. Art. 731b OR begründet keinen Konkursfall. Die Bestimmungen des SchKG finden nicht direkt, sondern nur sinngemäss Anwendung auf das Liquidationsverfahren. Schliesslich erfolgte der Auflösungsbeschluss durch den Richter aufgrund einer mangelhaften Organisation und nicht aufgrund Insolvenz oder Überschuldung der Gesellschaft. Das Auflösungsurteil nach Art. 731b OR sagt nichts über die finanzielle Lage der Gesellschaft aus.</p>
<p>Das hält das Bundesgericht ausdrücklich in einem aktuellen Entscheid fest (BGer 5A_665/2021, Arrêt du 28 janvier 2022). Aus diesem Grund findet auch Art. 195 SchKG keine Anwendung, wenn das Liquidationsverfahren aufgrund eines Organisationsmangels eröffnet wurde. Diese Bestimmung ermächtigt das Konkursgericht unter vorbestimmten Voraussetzungen, auf Antrag des Schuldners den Konkurs zu widerrufen und dem Schuldner das Verfügungsrecht über sein Vermögen zurückzugeben.</p>
<p><em>Le juge de la faillite reste compétent pour toute décision au cours de la procédure de faillite que lui attribue la loi, sauf la révocation de la faillite étant donné que celle-ci n&#8217;a jamais été ouverte.</em></p>
<p>BGer 5A_665/2021, Arrêt du 28 janvier 2022</p>
<p>Es stellt sich somit die Frage, wie zu verfahren ist, wenn aus den Liquidationshandlungen ein Aktivenüberschuss der aufgelösten Gesellschaft resultiert. Übersteigt ein Verwertungserlös nach Deckung der Liquidationskosten sämtliche Gläubigerforderungen mitsamt Zinsschulden, so steht ein entsprechender Aktivenüberschuss zivilrechtlich dem Schuldner und sinngemäss somit der Gesellschaft zu. Im Falle einer Aktiengesellschaft haben ihre Organe über die Verteilung dieser Finanzmittel zu entscheiden. Die Organe der Gesellschaft erlangen in diesem Umfang ihre Verfügungsbefugnisse an diesen Mitteln zurück. Das Konkursamt selber ist nicht zu einer Auszahlung an die Aktionäre berechtigt, da die gesetzliche Grundlage des SchKG nur die Verwertung und Auszahlung an die Gläubiger regelt. Das Konkursamt kann den Aktivenüberschuss nur bei der Depositenanstalt hinterlegen (Art. 264 Abs. 3 SchKG sinngemäss).</p>
<p>Ein Widerruf des Auflösungsbeschlusses analog Art. 195 SchKG hat das Bundesgericht in seinem Entscheid ausgeschlossen. Doch wer verfügt über einen Aktivenüberschuss, wenn die Gesellschaft wegen fehlender Exekutivorgane gerichtlich aufgelöst wurde? Zumindest müsste es den Aktionären der Gesellschaft möglich sein, auch nach Rechtskraft des Auflösungsurteils das Exekutivorgan neu zu besetzen, denn offensichtlich enden dessen Aufgaben noch nicht mit Rechtskraft des Auflösungsurteils.</p>
<p>Handeln Sie daher besser vorher und vermeiden Sie als Organ einer Gesellschaft einen Mangel in deren Organisation nach Art. 731b OR oder beseitigen Sie diesen fristgerecht.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Haben Sie weitere Fragen? Das HütteLAW-Team berät Sie gerne.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Author:</strong> Christian Bernegger</p>
<p><em>This content appears as a courtesy of </em><a href="http://www.huettelaw.ch/en/home"><strong><em>HütteLAW</em></strong></a><em>, a proud member of the</em><a href="https://theccgway.com/"> <strong><em>China Collaborative Group (CCG Association)</em></strong></a><em>. It is informational in nature and does not constitute legal advice or establish an attorney-client relationship between you and its author, publisher or any member of CCG. For more information, please visit </em><strong><a href="http://www.huettelaw.ch/"><em>www.huettelaw.ch</em></a><em>.</em></strong></p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2022/05/12/court-ordered-dissolution-of-the-company-despite-surplus-assets/">Court-ordered dissolution of the company despite surplus assets</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Protection of Consumers under the Competition Law Regime in Malawi</title>
		<link>https://www.theccgway.com/2021/12/02/protection-of-consumers-under-the-competition-law-regime-in-malawi/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CCG]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 02 Dec 2021 02:49:09 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[competition]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[consumer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corporate]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.theccgway.com/?p=4434</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Competition laws exist to ensure that the market place is driven by the forces of supply and demand, thereby ensuring that there is competition in the market. The protection of...</p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2021/12/02/protection-of-consumers-under-the-competition-law-regime-in-malawi/">Protection of Consumers under the Competition Law Regime in Malawi</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Competition laws exist to ensure that the market place is driven by the forces of supply and demand, thereby ensuring that there is competition in the market. The protection of competition is of great importance to the national and world economy in that it strengthens the efficiency of production and distribution of goods and services and secures the best conditions for freedom of trade. In addition to all this, free and fair competition also ensures that the interests and welfare of consumers are protected. A consumer refers to any person who purchases or offers to purchase goods otherwise than for the purpose of resale or any person to whom a service is rendered. It, however, does not include persons who purchase goods for use in the production and manufacture of other goods for resale.</p>
<p>The protection of consumer welfare is one of the objectives of the Competition and Fair-Trading Act (CFTA). Although the protection of consumers is largely governed by the Consumer Protection Act, the competition regime also has a role to play because competition and consumer protection are essentially two sides of the same coin. This paper discusses the link between competition and consumer protection, and the role of the Competition and Fair-Trading Commission (CTFC) in the protection of consumers.</p>
<p><strong>The Link between Competition Law and Consumer Protection</strong></p>
<p>There exists an undeniable link between competition and the protection of consumers from unfair trade practices. Anti-competitive behaviour e.g., price fixing and exclusionary practices, distort the market force of supply by restricting the entrants into the market. Where supply is low and demand is high, producers will most likely hike their prices. The obvious disadvantage of this on the consumer is clearly a concern of both competition and consumer protection regimes.</p>
<p>Concurrently, consumer protection offences, such as deceptive advertising, distort the market force of demand. They create a false image as to the true nature of a product or service, making it seem to be worth more than it actually is. Unfair trading practices not only affect the welfare of consumers, but also lessen the business of existent or potential trade rivals. Thus, in order to ensure that there is a free market, sufficient protection must be given to both the supply side and the demand side – to both competition and consumer protection regimes. While ensuring that the market force of supply is protected by safeguarding against anti-competitive behaviour, demand must also be protected by safeguarding consumers against unfair and deceptive trade practices, that make goods and services appear to be worth more than they actually are.</p>
<p><strong>Prohibited Unfair Trading Acts Against Consumers</strong></p>
<p>The Competition and Fair-Trading Act prohibits any unfair trading acts committed against consumers. The following practices by producers or traders constitute unfair practices towards consumers and are prohibited under the Competition and Fair-Trading Act:</p>
<ul>
<li>Withholding or destroying producer or consumer goods, rendering goods unserviceable or destroying the means of production and distribution of such goods, whether directly or indirectly, with the aim of bringing about a price increase;</li>
<li>Excluding liability for defective goods;</li>
<li>Making warranties that do any of the following;</li>
<li>Limit liability to a particular geographic area or sales point;</li>
<li>Falsely represent that products are of a particular style, model or origin;</li>
<li>Falsely represent that the goods are new or of specified age;</li>
<li>Represent that the products or services have any sponsorship, approval, performance and quality characteristics, components, materials, accessories, uses or benefits which they do not have;</li>
<li>Engaging in conduct that is likely to mislead the public as to the nature, price, availability, characteristics, suitability for a given purpose, quantity or quality of any products or services;</li>
<li>Supplying any product which is likely to cause injury to health or physical harm to consumers, when properly used, or which does not comply with a consumer safety standard which has been prescribed under any written law;</li>
<li>Claiming payment for unsolicited goods or services;</li>
<li>Engage in unconscionable conduct in carrying out trade in goods or services;</li>
<li>Engage in pyramid selling of goods and services (a scheme which makes money by recruiting people rather than by selling products);</li>
<li>Engaging in bait selling (A sales tactic where a store/trader attracts customers by an advertisement for a high quality or low-priced item, that turns out to be unavailable. The trader then uses the opportunity to lure the customer into purchasing a higher priced or lower quality product as a replacement, or to purchase other products offered by the same producer. The advertised unavailable product is only used as bait);</li>
<li>Offering gifts or prizes with no intention of supplying them;</li>
<li>Putting out an advertisement which is misleading or deceptive; and</li>
<li>Engaging in any such acts constitutes an offence.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Role of the Competition and Fair-Trading Commission in Consumer Protection</strong></p>
<p>The CFTC is empowered to enforce the CFTA and regulate, monitor, control and prevent acts or behaviour which are likely to adversely affect competition and fair trading in Malawi.  This includes conducting investigations, whether of its own motion or otherwise, into the conduct of any business to ensure that its acts are not anti-competitive or unfair towards consumers. The Commission sits as tribunal and may hold public hearings in the conduct of its investigations. It has authority to summon and examine witnesses, to call for and examine documents, to administer oaths, to require that any document submitted to the Commission be verified by affidavit; and to adjourn any investigation from time to time. Following such hearings, the Commission may make a finding based on which the Commission can make orders and directions.</p>
<p>Thus, where unfair acts have been committed against consumers, the consumer may report to the CFTC, which will then summon the concerned parties and conduct investigations in the manner discussed above. The Commission also has power to unilaterally commence investigations of suspected unfair practices against consumers, without being moved by anyone. Once the Commission makes a finding, it can issue order and directions regarding the conduct of the trader against consumers. It may require that traders cease certain unfair trade practices or even make payment to consumers for injustices committed against them. Further, the findings of the Commission may be used as a basis for prosecution of those who engage in unfair trading practices. Through this, the welfare of consumers is protected.</p>
<p>The safeguarding of fair competition and the protection of consumers from unfair trade practices are interlinked and indispensable to each other. They both protect the market forces of supply and demand, which are necessary to ensure free and fair trade, as well as efficiency of production and distribution of goods and services. The Competition and Fair-Trading Commission plays a key role in the protection of the welfare of consumers through its findings, orders and directives issued pursuant to its investigative powers.</p>
<p><em>This content appears as a courtesy of <span dir="ltr"><a href="https://ritzattorneys.com/">Ritz Attorneys at Law</a></span></em><em>, a proud member of the</em><a href="https://theccgway.com/"> <strong><em>China Collaborative Group (CCG Association)</em></strong></a><em>. It is informational in nature and does not constitute legal advice or establish an attorney-client relationship between you and its author, publisher or any member of CCG. For more information, please visit </em><strong><a href="https://ritzattorneys.com/"><em>https://ritzattorneys.com/</em></a><em>.</em></strong></p>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com/2021/12/02/protection-of-consumers-under-the-competition-law-regime-in-malawi/">Protection of Consumers under the Competition Law Regime in Malawi</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.theccgway.com">China Collaborative Group</a>.</p>
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